Determination of burn‐in parameters and residual life for highly reliable products

Today, many products are designed and manufactured to function for a long period of time before they fail. Determining product reliability is a great challenge to manufacturers of highly reliable products with only a relatively short period of time available for internal life testing. In particular, it may be difficult to determine optimal burn‐in parameters and characterize the residual life distribution. A promising alternative is to use data on a quality characteristic (QC) whose degradation over time can be related to product failure. Typically, product failure corresponds to the first passage time of the degradation path beyond a critical value. If degradation paths can be modeled properly, one can predict failure time and determine the life distribution without actually observing failures. In this paper, we first use a Wiener process to describe the continuous degradation path of the quality characteristic of the product. A Wiener process allows nonconstant variance and nonzero correlation among data collected at different time points. We propose a decision rule for classifying a unit as normal or weak, and give an economic model for determining the optimal termination time and other parameters of a burn‐in test. Next, we propose a method for assessing the product's lifetime distribution of the passed units. The proposed methodologies are all based only on the product's initial observed degradation data. Finally, an example of an electronic product, namely contact image scanner (CIS), is used to illustrate the proposed procedure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003     

Estimating failure time distribution and its parameters based on intermediate data from a Wiener degradation model

Instead of measuring a Wiener degradation or performance process at predetermined time points to track degradation or performance of a product for estimating its lifetime, we propose to obtain the first‐passage times of the process over certain nonfailure thresholds. Based on only these intermediate data, we obtain the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator and uniformly most accurate confidence interval for the mean lifetime. For estimating the lifetime distribution function, we propose a modified maximum likelihood estimator and a new estimator and prove that, by increasing the sample size of the intermediate data, these estimators and the above‐mentioned estimator of the mean lifetime can achieve the same levels of accuracy as the estimators assuming one has failure times. Thus, our method of using only intermediate data is useful for highly reliable products when their failure times are difficult to obtain. Furthermore, we show that the proposed new estimator of the lifetime distribution function is more accurate than the standard and modified maximum likelihood estimators. We also obtain approximate confidence intervals for the lifetime distribution function and its percentiles. Finally, we use light‐emitting diodes as an example to illustrate our method and demonstrate how to validate the Wiener assumption during the testing. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008     

基于面积比矩阵的加权特征向量点匹配算法

提出一种在仿射变换下点集关系描述算子--面积比矩阵,证明了其在仿射变换群下的不变性质;并由该性质推导得出特征向量(EA)匹配算法抗噪性能差的原因,在此基础上给出了基于面积比矩阵的加权特征向量算法.算法构造不同图像的面积比矩阵,对矩阵进行分解得到其特征值和特征向量,通过特征值进行加权获得图像中点的特征向量,比较图像点的特征向量获取匹配关系.因面积比矩阵的仿射不变性质,算法能实现仿射变换下点集精确匹配;采用的加权特征向量法改进了EA匹配法,具有更好的抗噪性能.实验表明算法切实可行.     

浅析以法律形式控制网络军备竞赛的必要性

网络战是近年来全球军事界相当热的话题,其作为一种全新概念的组织机构,已经开始登上了军事舞台。美国、韩国等国家先后宣布组建网络司令部,引起了全球网络军备竞赛的热潮。文章探讨网络军备竞赛的发展现状和特点,分析以法律形式进行控制的必要性,能够全面系统的了解网络军备竞赛所带来的严重危害,为控制军备竞赛的对策和决策提供一些建议。     

横向效应增强型弹垂直侵彻薄靶的轴向剩余速度理论分析

为了得到横向效应增强型弹（Penetration with Enhanced Lateral Efficiency projectile, PELE）对金属薄靶垂直侵彻后的弹体轴向剩余速度，运用平面冲击波理论，对PELE的侵彻机理进行分析。参照平头弹体对靶板的侵彻模型，将PELE侵彻过程中的能量损失划分为以下几个部分：外壳体和内芯撞靶区域对应的环形塞块获得的能量、冲击波作用下弹体的内能增量以及剪切耗能等。然后根据能量守恒原理，得到PELE垂直侵彻金属薄靶后的PELE弹体轴向剩余速度的理论模型。为了验证该模型的合理性和准确性，设计相应的试验进行验证。结果表明，不同条件下得到的试验结果和理论模型得到的计算结果均吻合得较好。因此，得到的PELE垂直侵彻薄靶的轴向剩余速度理论模型可为工程应用提供指导和参考。     

改进的接触算法及其在光滑粒子流体动力学中的应用

采用以黎曼解描述粒子间相互作用的接触算法,模拟一维情况下包含间断的流场。在弱间断的条件下,采用弱波近似的黎曼解来描述粒子间的相互作用;在强间断的条件下,则引入非迭代黎曼解来描述粒子间的相互作用。并引入Taylor展开思想,提高了接触算法在自由边界的计算精度。该算法无需引入人为粘性,程序结构简洁。数值计算表明,改进后的接触算法能很好地描述强间断,并有效改善了原始接触算法在自由面的计算缺陷。     

Finding the Kth shortest path in a time‐schedule network

We consider the problem of finding the Kth shortest path for a time‐schedule network, where each node in the network has a list of prespecified departure times, and departure from the node can take place only at one of these departure times. We develop a polynomial time algorithm independent of K for finding the Kth shortest path. The proposed algorithm constructs a map structure at each node in the network, using which we can directly find the Kth shortest path without having to enumerate the first K − 1 paths. Since the same map structure is used for different K values, it is not necessary to reconstruct the table for additional paths. Consequently, the algorithm is suitable for directly finding multiple shortest paths in the same network. Furthermore, the algorithm is modified slightly for enumerating the first K shortest paths and is shown to have the lowest possible time complexity under a condition that holds for most practical networks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.     

超声波辅助微波消解预处理测量污泥金属元素

以实验室污泥和污水厂污泥为研究对象,建立了超声波辅助微波消解预处理测量污泥金属元素的方法与程序。首先通过超声波分散污泥絮体,然后对污泥进行加热预处理和微波消除,最后采用火焰原子吸收法测量污泥中的金属元素。结果表明,150 W超声波作用于25 mL污泥3 min为超声波分散污泥的较优条件,能保证后续操作过程取样均匀。微波消解前适宜的加热预处理条件为90℃,20 min。实验室污泥微波消解的较优酸体系为2 mL双氧水＋4 mL反王水（或4 mL王水）;污水厂污泥微波消解的较优酸体系为1 mL氢氟酸＋2 mL双氧水＋4 mL王水,同时,第3阶段消解条件为压强2.0 MPa下消解20 min。超声波辅助微波消解预处理具有用酸量少、简易快捷、准确度和精密度高等优点,测量K,Ca,Mg,Fe的相对标准偏差≤2.75%,加标回收率为97.5%～102%。     

一种测量图像相似性的新方法

在基于内容的图像检索技术中 ,图像相似性度量是至关重要的一步。基于EMD(EarthMover’sDistance)提出了一种度量图像相似性的方法 ,并针对图像的颜色句柄进行理论分析和实验仿真。实验结果表明了该算法的有效性     

攻击大目标子母弹射击概率的分析与估算

射击概率是子母弹武器效能分析的重要参数,本文以攻击大（线）目标子母弹为对象,提出一种计算命中概率的简便的近似法,计算结果表明该方法计算量小,计算精度工程上可接受;本文还引出了子母弹封锁概率的概念,并作了初步分析。本文结果对子母弹武器论证与设计使用将提供有益的参考。